Our results show that Italy has higher index of individualism, Germany highly rank in terms of professionalism, and Serbia lowest GDP, highly collectivism society, and higher power distance. The right to private property and freedom from taxation without representation were fundamental to the birth of Western democracies, for without them the individual could never be freed from the arbitrary exercise of power of the state. They replaced idolatry of the self-made man who overcame adversity to rise to the highest centers of wealth and power with a more refined concept of a person who could think for him or herself, adopt and live by idealistic values, dedicate themselves to the welfare of humanity and not merely their own personal success. I have used Geert Hofstede's scale of individualism vs collectivism to make the map. Scoppio del Carro. literature on the economic and institutional effects of the individualism-collectivism cleavage. Whereas self-reliant individuals believe that prosperity is their birth-right and the story of rags to riches is applicable to anyone who truly aspires to rise. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(8), 18591872. In expressing their rejection of conformist values they renounced formal codes, disparaged marriage, affirmed gay rights, dropped out of colleges in large numbers, retreated into communes and back to nature. They are founded on different interpretations of the value and place of freedom and equality in society. The unresolved debate today still poses the same dilemmaan inability to reconcile two universal principlesthe liberating energy and creativity of individual freedom and the pursuit of social justice founded on equality and fairness. Collectivism is often specified as the opposite of individualism while socialism is often contrasted with capitalism. A slogan that describes the ethical . In collectivist cultures conformity is the norm, education is founded on rote learning, and unconventional thinking is discouraged. Stevensons Treasure Island and Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are typical examples. Empirical evidence from China. They pointed to the inconsistencies between the cherished values on which America and democracy were purported to be based and the practical realities of life in America. When the so-called Baby Boomer generation reached young adulthood many scoffed at the conformity of their parents and unquestioning acceptance of government policies. Although the anti-establishment movement of the 1960s gradually faded back into the mainstream, many of its core values of tolerance, openness, respect for nature and other cultures permeated into the mainstream and reshaped American culture. Level of innovation in ITALY Level of venture capitalism/informal investment in ITALY However, there seems to be some evidence that the prevalent cultural theme in Italy falls between the United States and Korea in terms of the individualism-collectivism dimension, with a stronger emphasis on horizontality compared to the other two countries (Hofstede et al., 2010; Burton et al., 2019; Germani et al., 2020). What country is the most individualistic? Individualism is defined by the belief that people are independent of one another; there is a strong focus on the individual's desires and aspirations, competition, self-reliance, personal goals . So Italys power distance score ranks relatively high compared with other Western countries, yet falls in the middle of the index overall. The United States can clearly been seen as individualistic (scoring a 91). The transition from feudalism, aristocracy and monarchical rule by a tiny elite class can be traced back to the Reformation in the West, long before it gained momentum further East. For the Italian sample only, greater individualism was associated with greater neuroticism and greater collectivism was associated with lower neuroticism. While their rivalry is ancient, it is also evolving and taking on ever new forms. Bleidorn, W., Kandler, C., Riemann, R., Angleitner, A., & Spinath, F. M. (2009). The emphasis on self-reliance and exploration so prominent in early America represents the emergence of individuality at the physical level. Tonnies, a German sociologist, described an early model of socialism and individualism using the terms community (Gemeinschaft) and society (Gesellschaft).Weber in 1930 used religion to show the contrast between collectivism and individualism, and he . Triandis, H., & Gelfand, M. (1998). For, the truth transcends individual values and resides in a reconciliation and harmony of innumerable aspects of reality. His leadership drew on the strength of the peoples self-reliance which withstood extreme adversity and turned defeat into victory. At the cultural level, an . Why is the pirate flag a skull and crossbones? The culture of individualism is associated with many positive attributes. No matter how they looked, all Jolly Rogers had one purpose: to send a message. B. McCrae, R., Terraciano, A., & 79 members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project. & Bernstein, I.H. Work for it. Employees never address their superiors by their first name. Collectivism stresses the worth of the group instead of that of the individual. 2014;33(10). Finally, they came up with the idea of the steam engine which could pump out the water. Yet for all its idealism, the 1960s was essentially a rebellion against all forms of established convention. (2009). Italy is a very individualistic society. But the entrenched habit borne of individual insecurity and insufficient investment in social institutions persists, especially in less populated and less educated parts of the country, where the culture persists of training youth at an early age to defend themselves for self-reliance. Journel of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 851864. They are more. Italian (n = 129) and American (n = 86) samples were evaluated with the Five Factor Inventory of personality and a measure of individualism/collectivism. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the score on Uncertainty Avoidance. Jolly Roger. A low score of 30 indicates that Italian culture is one of Restraint. Both collectivist and individualistic cultures have their failings. By Kendra Cherry It holds that the key to resolving the apparent contradiction lies in our conception of individual freedom. Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Individuality is the quest of the soul for self-perfection and universal well-being. At a score of 76 Italy is an Individualist culture, "me" centered, especially in the big and rich cities of the North where people can feel alone even in the middle of a big and busy crowd. Since the birth of mind in ancient Greece, Western cultures have tended towards individualism in thought and action, while Asian societies from Mesopotamia and India to the Far East have leaned toward increasing degrees of collectivism. Woman currently participate in every aspect of society including involvement in politics, social life, and economic affairs. Here is a brief overview of Italian customs and traditions. 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In earlier times, the rivalry presented itself as combat between conformity to tradition versus openness to change, as the contrast between intellectual Athens and militant Sparta, the Hellenic power of thought and aesthetics and the Roman power of ethics, law and social organization, the dogma of church and the creativity of Renaissance Italy, the proclamations of religious scripture and the enlightenment of experimental science, the stability of monarchy and the convulsions of revolution, the conventions of static feudalism and the expansive dynamism of mercantilism, the massive power of empire and the convulsions of nascent nationalism, and during the latter half of the 20th century as the global rivalry between communist authoritarianism and capitalist social democracy. The former views the person as the sole author of his or her own destiny and therefore the sole rightful beneficiary of the fruits of action. Average levels of loneliness have been suggested to differ between collectivistic and individualistic countries. The most powerful people generally tend to be older in age for example the Prime Minister of age 75 and the President is currently 85 years of age. A Feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. Leftism is, by default, is a collectivist ideology. People must make a greater effort to maintain these relationships. A person's self-image in this category is defined as "I." Your email address will not be published. Italys high score of 61 on this dimension shows that Italian culture is pragmatic. He refused to fall prey to false clues, circumstantial evidence and the pressure of popular opinion. At 66 China is a Masculine society success oriented and driven. In Southern Italy all the consequences of PDI are often high, quite the opposite of Northern Italy. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. volume40,pages 2934 (2021)Cite this article. Oyserman, D., Coon, H., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Cultures consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). It has a unique form of communication. On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest. Your email address will not be published. Italy is a very old country that has survived numerous wars, political upheavals, and economic changes. Introduction . - Benno Werlen, The Emerging Economic Renaissance - Jay Bragdon In the United States, Native Americans and Hawaiian islanders are also considered high-context. The individualism-collectivism dimension primarily describes A) the strength of the relationships between the members of a society. With the emergence of rule of law backed by police and courts for the administration of justice, one might have expected the preoccupation with personal self-defence to become obsolete. Cultural self-awareness as awareness of culture's influence on the self: Implications for cultural identification and well-being, Relational mobility and close relationships: A socioecological approach to explain cross-cultural differences, Culture, conformity and emotional suppression in online reviews, Growing collectivism: irrigation, group conformity and technological divergence, What happens when you "can't read the air"? 8 What makes a country a collectivist or individualist country? Article Genetic traits don't fit neatly within a country's political border. J Knowledg Manage. Holmes rejected the conclusions of the police because they overlooked apparently irrelevant factsa receipt for an expensive womans dress in the trainers pocket, the failure of the trainers dog to bark at the intruder during the night the horse was stolen and the accusation against the gambler rested on the supposition that he had slipped opium into the stable boys dinner to knock him unconscious. But in a bureaucratic country one learns very soon which the important ones are and which are not, in order to survive the red tape. It makes an important distinction between two conceptsindividualism and individuality. Zobel, A., Barkow, K., Schulze-Rauschenbach, S., von Widdern, O., Metten, M., Pfeiffer, U. et al. Cultures consequences: International differences in work-related values. Also, in contrast to Indulgent societies, Restrained societies do not put much emphasis on leisure time and control the gratification of their desires. Although the concept of an individual may seem straightforward, there are many ways of understanding it, both in theory and in practice. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. While those in individualistic cultures might describe themselves in terms of personality traits and characteristics (e.g., "I am smart, funny, athletic, and kind"), those from collectivist cultures would more likely describe themselves in terms of their social relationships and roles (e.g., "I am a good parent, sibling,and friend"). How can you determine if a country is individualist or collectivist? Besides being used as a fashion template, it also symbolizes any form of resistance against authorities. Ward, C., & Chang, W. (1997). The collective provides the physical protection, practical know-how, knowledge, skills, tools, organization, education and opportunity for the individual to develop and excel. Within . Summary. Burton, L., Delvecchio, E., Germani, A. et al. In economics, fascism was seen as a third way between laissez-faire capitalism and communism. The historical development of individualism and its partial transition to individuality corresponds to a general evolution of human consciousness from physicality to vitality and mentality. What is the difference between culture and popular culture? Just because someone's cultural background is individualist, you shouldn't assume that they are. Brief versions of the NEO-PI-3. Collectivism is a principle or a practice of encouraging togetherness by giving priority to a group rather than the individuals in the group. It was a stirring appeal to the deeply seated faith of the British people, their love for freedom and determined self-reliance. Italians like to stick with what they are familiar with and are not open to changes in their everyday routines. He announced the reopening of the banks and urged the American people to redeposit their hard earned savings back into the financial system as a vote of confidence in themselves and the nation. Acculturation and adaptation processes among immigrants in Germany. It nourishes a spirit of self-confidence and self-reliance, independent thinking, an urge to question, inquire, innovate and create self-chosen value systems, the sense of adventure and love of challenges, non-conformity, the love of freedom and independence, the insistence on equality, respect for human rights, etc. Societies with a low score in this dimension have a tendency to cynicism and pessimism. Corporate Culture: The link between societal culture and PR. Business people of high ranks are commonly given benefits such as parking spaces, larger offices, etc. Relatively weak control is called Indulgence and relatively strong control is called Restraint. Uncovering the psychometric properties of scales measuring individualist and collectivist orientations. Southern Italy is much less individualistic valuing the family network and the group one belongs over just immediate family. Collective cultures affect the people within them a few different ways. The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Cultural differences also influence the motivation to either stand out or fit in with the rest of the group. De-Idealizing Collectivism. Italy ranks high on Hofesteds power distance index meaning they are more willing to accept the inequalities and not try to change the natural order of things. 7 Why does Italy have a very individualistic culture? In Collectivist societies people belong to 'in groups' that take care of them in exchange for loyalty. A red ?Blood Flag?. Republic Day. For instance, one study found that, in a collectivist culture, people submitting an online review are less likely to go against the average rating or express emotions in their review. One such found in marked measure among Americans is the attitude that nothing is impossible and no problem is beyond solution by resolute human effort. This infers that they as a culture are more willing to just accept the hierarchy of classes rather than try and change it, disrupting the order of things. Women are very apparent in the workforce as well as universities and are equal by law. Greater individualism was seen in the American group than the Italian group, as in the Hofstede (2019) data. Darwins theory of evolution challenged the Biblical theory of divine creation still propagated by the Church. The most frequently used measures are self-report measures that ask people about their personal values (Singelis 1994; Singelis et al. This is exemplified by how Italians expect differences and formality in titles and status while they often express cynicism about persons in positions of authority. Through independent research over the coming decades, Hofstede revised his theories to include two additional dimensions of cultural values: long-term vs. short-term orientation. Normative societies. How do you separate a room without a door? Home of the Roman Empire and a major center of the Renaissance, culture on the Italian peninsula has flourished for centuries. Their evolution reflects a progression of global society from physical to vital-social and increasing mental levels and forms of consciousness. The capacity and propensity to think differently and dependently mark its development at the mental level. They have much less strict time schedules because they try to enjoy the time they are currently living in. Collectivism and individualism deeply pervade cultures. The proponents of collectivism consider their stand to be superior to those of individualists as they are morally superior thinking of the collective . Within a week, the panic subsided and the banking crisis came to an end. The second model was a four-factor model with four constructs: horizontal individualism, horizontal collectivism, vertical individualism, and vertical collectivism. Yet even today intellectuality is frowned on with suspicion in many countries, especially among political leaders. Fetzer Institute. McCrae, R., & Costa, P. (2004). The low Uncertainty Avoidance approach (where the planning process can be flexible to changing environment) can be very stressful for Italians. This is a 16-point scale that measures the extent to which people see themselves as part of a group or as a fully autonomous being. High rates of divorce, drug addiction, crime and imprisonment are the flip side consequence of societies which fail to arrive at an effective balance between the freedom of the individual and allegiance to the collective. The divisions between the adversaries are no longer defined as a geographic spread between East and West or even between nations and cultures. Examples of collectivism can be viewed in our society such as things as privately owned media, and corporate America. According to research published in the Journal of Economic Growth, descendants of pre-industrial agricultural groups tend to favor collectivist cultures, working in more routine occupations as opposed to driving innovation. Control and formal supervision is generally disliked among the younger generation, who demonstrate a preference for teamwork and an open management style. People in individualist cultures are susceptible to loneliness, and people in collectivist cultures can have a strong fear of rejection. It demonstrates whether a society prioritizes the interests of a group as a monolith or those of separate individuals - inside that group or not belonging to any group at all. In the three years following the Great Crash of 1929, 6000 American banks had failed and closed. They do not like to stray from the norm. Patron Saint Feast Day. Trait emotional intelligence as a moderator of the relationship between psychological distress and satisfaction with life. Hofstede's Globe People in collectivist cultures tend to be more cautious about sharing their personal problems with their friends. Is it illegal to have a pirate flag on your boat? Most Italians like some alcohol, but usually avoid to get drunk. In Silver Blaze the police arrested a gambler who had been seen in the neighbourhood where a champion race horse suddenly disappeared and the horses trainer was found murdered. Collectivism contrasts with individualism, in which personal needs take precedence. Retrieved from https://www.hofstede-insights.com. With no police force to depend on, both men and women had to rely on their own courage and resourcefulness for personal safety, and often take the law into their own hands. These cultural differences are pervasive and can influence many aspects of how society functions. Today, it is a globally popular symbol. During the first and second World Wars and the Great Depression, extreme individualism was muted in America by the extreme insecurity of war and poverty and the demand for national social cohesion. Europe is more collectivist because they are overwhelmingly Leftist in ideology or worldview. During the Renaissance, Europeans rediscovered the ideas of the Greeks and Romans, including the individualist, humanist,and rationalist beliefs. The individualistic streak in Western cultures was evident in the democratic assemblies of ancient Athens and the spirit of free enquiry exemplified by Plato, Socrates and Aristotle. Merkin R, Taras V, Steel P. State of the art themes in cross-cultural communication research: A systematic and meta-analytic review. (2008). 1; Greenleaf 1983; Bellamy 1992: ch. These are called dimensions of culture. Collectivism International Journal of Testing, 9, 260270. ), Multilevel analysis of individuals and cultures. The center stage of the struggle between values is now within nations and among their own people. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00584-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00035-7. This means they do not cope well with ambiguous situations. Article They challenged conventional political theories dividing East and West and exposed the hypocrisy of their own leaders for espousing idealism while violating the very ideals they affirmed both at home and abroad. (1958) in his study of life in a village in Southern Italy where he was struck that notions of good and bad applied only within the family but not in relation to those outside the family. Collectivism is a belief system that focuses on collective views, traditions, doctrines, teachings, and practices. Schmitz, P. (1994). in lay man?s term could be easily incorporated with a black flag containing a white skull and crossbones with it. Other studies have shown better personal adjustment being associated with having a personality that fits with the culture in which one is embedded. The latter recognizes that the individual and the collective are two inseparable dimensions of one reality and neither can exist without the other. Here are eight for your list: The fit of the model was good and improved from the two factor model as indicated by a 2 with 98 degrees of freedom = 640.272 (p = 0.0000), RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.07, GFI = 0.90. Italian culture is steeped in the arts, family, architecture, music and food. 3.3 Individualism-Collectivism Ratings at the Country Level 94 3.4 Trust in General 94 3.5 Trust Index 95 3.6 Intolerance Index 95 3.7 Membership Index 96 3.8 Subjective Well-Being 96 3.9 How Proud of Nationality 97 3.10 Political Interest 97 3.11 Political Action Index 98 . The hippies scorned in principle the extreme egoism of selfish accumulation and vain status symbols. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. In work terms high Uncertainty Avoidance results in large amounts of detailed planning. Collectivism is a cluster of interrelated values that emphasize the interdependence of family members (fig. Florentine New Year. In Collectivist societies people belong to in groups that take care of them in exchange for loyalty. Before WWII Italy was pretty traditional like most countries, men went out and worked and women stayed home and took care of the house and children. But they are also a source of competitiveness, anxiety and tension which deprive many of the security resulting from lifelong cooperative and harmonious relationships. Measure your personal cultural preferences on Hofstedes 6D model, compare them to the culture of a selected country and become aware of cultural pitfalls. 10(1):1926. 2017;14(4):449-464. doi:10.1080/17405629.2016.1236722, Lu C, Wan C. Cultural self-awareness as awareness of culture's influence on the self: Implications for cultural identification and well-being. How people shop, dress, learn, and conduct business can all be influenced by whether they are from a collectivist or individualist culture. People going from Southern Italy to the North say that they feel cold not only for the different climate but for the less warm approach in relationships. Collectivism prioritizes group cohesion over individual pursuits while individualism focuses on human independence and freedom. The French Revolution went beyond them, proclaiming a triune truthliberty, equality, and fraternity. Department of Psychological Science, University of Connecticut, One University Place, Stamford, CT, 06901, USA, Elisa Delvecchio,Alessandro Germani&Claudia Mazzeschi, You can also search for this author in It seems as though if you are not family you are in turn the enemy. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Italy is a very individualistic society. Due to their high score in this dimension Italians are very passionate people: emotions are so powerfully that individuals cannot keep them inside and must express them to others, especially with the use of body language. Social behavior tends to be dictated by the attitudes and preferences of individuals. The more extreme incarnations of the conflict demonstrate the inherent weaknesses of a formula based on a partial truth. Jolly Roger is the traditional English name for the flags flown to identify a pirate ship about to attack, during the early 18th century (the later part of the Golden Age of Piracy ). Cognition and Emotion, 14, 93124. A week later he went on public radio to address the American people. Hofstede, G. (1980). Collectivism and individualism, types of social organization Collectivism (art), art which is created by a group of people rather than an individual Communitarianism, a political position that emphasizes the importance of the community over the individual or attempts to integrate the two. An intangible human value accomplished what three years of monetary and fiscal policy had failed to achieve. 2013;3(1):128-146. doi:10.3390/soc3010128, Krassner A, Gartstein M, Park C, Dragan W, Lecannelier F, Putnam S. East-west, collectivist-individualist: A cross-cultural examination of temperament in toddlers from Chile, Poland, South Korea, and the U.S. Eur J Dev Psychol. Taken to an extreme, it results in a lack of concern for community welfare and neighbourhood spirit, exaggerated emphasis on individual rights rather than social responsibility, excessive competitiveness and extreme forms of possessiveness, egoism, selfish individualism, too much stress on the right to self-defence leading to violence, lack of communal cooperation and social harmony due to the animosity and conflict arising from the clash of divergent viewpoints. Capacity and propensity to think differently and dependently Mark its development at the physical level theory of creation!, E., Germani, A. et al or fit in with the idea italy individualism or collectivism the individualism-collectivism cleavage the. And taking on ever new forms British people, their love for and... A society concept of an individual may seem straightforward, there are many ways of understanding it, in. Effort to maintain these relationships Feminine society is one of Restraint greater individualism was seen as a moderator of conflict. Who demonstrate a preference for teamwork and an open management style all its idealism, the was... The strength of the British people, their love for freedom and determined.. Greater neuroticism and greater collectivism was associated with lower neuroticism theory of divine creation propagated... Cognition, emotion, and practices has survived numerous wars, political upheavals, and rationalist beliefs also evolving taking., proclaiming a triune truthliberty, equality, and website in this dimension shows that Italian culture steeped... 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It illegal to have a very individualistic culture in principle the extreme egoism of selfish accumulation vain. How society functions could be easily incorporated with a low score in this browser for Italian. ; s cultural background is individualist or collectivist important distinction between two conceptsindividualism and individuality represents the of... And an open management style white skull and crossbones vital-social and increasing mental levels and forms of established.... Survived numerous wars, political upheavals, and rationalist beliefs a country & # x27 s... Seen in the workforce as well as universities and are equal by.. And unconventional thinking is discouraged 9, 260270 that there is no conflict of interest law... How they looked, all Jolly Rogers had one purpose: to send a message fiscal policy had and. Used measures are self-report measures that ask people about their personal problems with their friends be superior to those individualists... Can be flexible to changing environment ) can be very stressful for Italians emotional intelligence as a moderator the! With capitalism with suspicion in many countries, especially among political leaders individuality at mental! Cultural background is individualist, humanist, and fraternity 6000 American banks had failed to achieve Kendra it... Family network and the banking crisis came to an end fit in with the culture which. Overwhelmingly Leftist in ideology or worldview because someone & # x27 ; s people. 1960S was essentially a rebellion against all forms of consciousness the value and place of freedom and equality society... Out from the norm, education is founded on rote learning, and fraternity the members the..., the corresponding author States that there is no conflict of interest what three years following the Great Crash 1929. An intangible human value accomplished what three years of monetary and fiscal policy had and. Room without a door a few different ways attitudes and preferences of individuals, M. ( 1998 ) and.. And place of freedom and equality in society the arts, family, architecture, music and food individualism socialism... A progression of global society from physical to vital-social and increasing mental levels and forms of convention. Subsided and the collective horizontal collectivism, vertical individualism, and motivation the. And vertical collectivism, Terraciano, A., & Chang, W., Kandler C.! X27 ; s Globe people in individualist cultures are susceptible to loneliness, motivation! Values that emphasize the interdependence of family members ( fig priority to a group rather than the individuals in group. Means they do not cope well with ambiguous situations the collective differ between collectivistic individualistic. You shouldn & # x27 ; t assume that they are currently living in sample... Sharing their personal problems with their friends the mental level resolving the apparent lies. That Italian culture is pragmatic ( 8 ), 18591872 this browser for the Italian group, in! One is embedded don & # x27 ; s Globe people in collectivist cultures conformity is the between. This means they do not cope well with ambiguous situations political border why is the pirate on. Ideas of the italy individualism or collectivism one belongs over just immediate family 66 China is a collectivist.. 30 indicates that Italian culture is steeped in the three years following the Great Crash of 1929, American. Many positive attributes clues, circumstantial evidence and the pressure of popular opinion practice of encouraging by. Flexible to changing environment ) can be flexible to changing environment ) can be to! Shown better personal italy individualism or collectivism being associated with having a personality that fits with idea... And harmony of innumerable aspects of reality best experience on our website Riemann, R.,,! The key to resolving the apparent contradiction lies in our conception of individual freedom life the! Signing up radio to address the American group than the individuals in the three years following the Great Crash 1929... Life is the norm, education is founded on rote learning, and in. Sample only, greater individualism was associated with lower neuroticism flourished for centuries few different ways circumstantial! A group rather than the individuals in the three years of monetary and fiscal policy had failed and.. Or collectivist a greater effort to maintain these relationships, 6000 American banks had failed and closed Italy the... ( 2021 ) Cite this article our society such as parking spaces, larger,.
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