list of soldiers killed at little bighorn

Nearly 100 years later, ideas about the meaning of the battle have become more inclusive. On June 22, Terry ordered the 7th Cavalry, composed of 31 officers and 566 enlisted men under Custer, to begin a reconnaissance in force and pursuit along the Rosebud, with the prerogative to "depart" from orders if Custer saw "sufficient reason". That spring, under the orders of Lieut. When the army examined the Custer battle site, soldiers could not determine fully what had transpired. Towards the end of spring in 1876, the Lakota and the Cheyenne held a Sun Dance that was also attended by some "agency Indians" who had slipped away from their reservations. Two Moons, a Northern Cheyenne leader, interceded to save their lives.[113]. If they dida thing I firmly believethey were tortured and killed the night of the 25th. General Nelson A. [41], With an impending sense of doom, the Crow scout Half Yellow Face prophetically warned Custer (speaking through the interpreter Mitch Bouyer), "You and I are going home today by a road we do not know. Custer's force of roughly 210 men had been engaged by the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne about 3.5 miles (5.6km) to the north of Reno and Benteen's defensive position. Weir could see that the Indian camps comprised some 1,800 lodges. Three companies were placed under the command of Major Marcus Reno (A, G, and M) and three were placed under the command of Captain Frederick Benteen (H, D, and K). During the Black Hills Expedition two years earlier, a Gatling gun had turned over, rolled down a mountain, and shattered to pieces. [84], I think, in all probability, that the men turned their horses loose without any orders to do so. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1873. As the Battle of the Little Bighorn unfolded, Custer and the 7th Cavalry fell victim to a series of surprises, not the least of which was the number of warriors that they encountered. He had died a couple of days after the Rosebud battle, and it was the custom of the Indians to move camp when a warrior died and leave the body with its possessions. 8081: The Gatling guns "were cumbersome and would cause delays over the traveled route. Come on, Big Village, Be quick, Bring packs. Col. John Gibbon's column of six companies (A, B, E, H, I, and K) of the 7th Infantry and four companies (F, G, H, and L) of the 2nd Cavalry marched east from Fort Ellis in western Montana on March 30 to patrol the Yellowstone River. Finally, Custer may have assumed when he encountered the Native Americans that his subordinate Benteen, who was with the pack train, would provide support. He entered military service from Missouri as first lieutenant, Company C, Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, on September 1, 1861. The Lone Teepee was an important location during the Battle of the Little Bighorn for several reasons, including:[57][58][59], The first group to attack was Major Reno's second detachment (Companies A, G and M) after receiving orders from Custer written out by Lt. William W. Cooke, as Custer's Crow scouts reported Sioux tribe members were alerting the village. Russell, D. Custer's List: A Checklist of Pictures Relating to the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Gallear's analysis dismisses the allegation that rapid depletion of ammunition in lever-action models influenced the decision in favor of the single-shot Springfield. Army doctrine would have called for one man in four to be a horseholder behind the skirmish lines and, in extreme cases, one man in eight. Map of Battle of Little Bighorn, Part IV. [109] With the defeat of Custer, it was still a real threat that the Lakotas would take over the eastern part of the Crow reservation and keep up the invasion. Twenty-three men were called to testify at the inquiry, which met in session daily except Sundays. Theodore Goldin, a battle participant who later became a controversial historian on the event, wrote (in regards to Charles Hayward's claim to have been with Custer and taken prisoner): The Indians always insisted that they took no prisoners. Golden was shot while firing from a shallow rifle pit on the bluff defended by Reno and Benteen. Graham, Benteen letter to Capt. Earlier in the spring, many of those Native Americans had congregated to celebrate the annual Sun Dance ceremony, at which Sitting Bull experienced a prophetic vision of soldiers toppling upside down in his camp, which he interpreted as a harbinger of a great victory for his people. No definitive conclusion can be drawn about the possible malfunction as being a significant cause of Custer's defeat. Lawson speculates that though less powerful than the Springfield carbines, the Henry repeaters provided a barrage of fire at a critical point, driving Lieutenant James Calhoun's L Company from Calhoun Hill and Finley Ridge, forcing it to flee in disarray back to Captain Myles Keogh's I Company and leading to the disintegration of that wing of Custer's Battalion. For a session, the Democratic Party-controlled House of Representatives abandoned its campaign to reduce the size of the Army. by Neil Asher Silberman 3/23/2018. [171] Less common were surplus rifled muskets of American Civil War vintage such as the Pattern 1853 Enfield and Springfield Model 1861. The court found Reno's conduct to be without fault. "[48]:312[51]. Could this indicate a malfunctioning [carbine] that was discarded and therefore could not have left its marked [pry scratched] casings on the field? Five companies (C, E, F, I, and L) remained under Custer's immediate command. Another officer and 1318 men were missing. I am hoping that some day all of these damned fakirs will die and it will be safe for actual participants in the battle to admit and insist that they were there, without being branded and looked upon as a lot of damned liars. Reconstructions of their actions have been formulated using both the accounts of Native American eyewitnesses and sophisticated analysis of archaeological evidence (cartridge cases, bullets, arrowheads, gun fragments, buttons, human bones, etc. The Indian Wars were seen as a minor sideshow in which troops armed to fight on European battlefields would be more than a match for fighting any number of Indians.". Unaware of Crook's battle, Gibbon and Terry proceeded, joining forces in early June near the mouth of Rosebud Creek. The wounded horse was discovered on the battlefield by General Terry's troops. When offered the 2nd Cavalry, he reportedly replied that the 7th "could handle anything. We stood there a long time. The 7th Cavalry returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reconstitute. On May 17 Brig. [173] The Lakota and Cheyenne warriors also utilized bows and arrows. I arrived at the conclusion then, as I have now, that it was a rout, a panic, until the last man was killed That there was no line formed on the battlefield. [93], According to Indian accounts, about forty men on Custer Hill made a desperate stand around Custer, delivering volley fire. So, protected from moths and souvenir hunters by his humidity-controlled glass case, Comanche stands patiently, enduring generation after generation of undergraduate jokes. [174], Sitting Bull's forces had no assured means to supply themselves with firearms and ammunition. [117] Few on the non-Indian side questioned the conduct of the enlisted men, but many questioned the tactics, strategy and conduct of the officers. Of the 45 officers and 718 troopers then assigned to the 7th Cavalry (including a second lieutenant detached from the 20th Infantry and serving in Company L), 14 officers (including the regimental commander) and 152 troopers did not accompany the 7th during the campaign. In 1878, the army awarded 24 Medals of Honor to participants in the fight on the bluffs for bravery, most for risking their lives to carry water from the river up the hill to the wounded. Criticism of Custer was not universal. The site of the battle was first preserved as a United States national cemetery in 1879 to protect the graves of the 7th Cavalry troopers. The question of what happened and why the 7th Cavalry lost so many soldiers in comparison to the pointedly less Native American casualties is One possibility is that after ordering Reno to charge, Custer continued down Reno Creek to within about a half-mile (800m) of the Little Bighorn, but then turned north and climbed up the bluffs, reaching the same spot to which Reno would soon retreat. [175] Nonetheless, they could usually procure these through post-traders, licensed or unlicensed, and from gunrunners who operated in the Dakota Territory: "a horse or a mule for a repeater buffalo hides for ammunition. "[48]:306 Yates's force "posed an immediate threat to fugitive Indian families" gathering at the north end of the huge encampment;[48]:299 he then persisted in his efforts to "seize women and children" even as hundreds of warriors were massing around Keogh's wing on the bluffs. [27] During a Sun Dance around June 5, 1876, on Rosebud Creek in Montana, Sitting Bull, the spiritual leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota, reportedly had a vision of "soldiers falling into his camp like grasshoppers from the sky. When the Crows got news from the battlefield, they went into grief. ), Ultimately, however, much of the understanding of this most famous portion of the battle is the product of conjecture, and the popular perception of it remains shrouded in myth. [25], The battlefield is known as "Greasy Grass" to the Lakota Sioux, Dakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and most other Plains Indians; however, in contemporary accounts by participants, it was referred to as the "Valley of Chieftains".[26]. The flaw in the ejector mechanism was known to the Army Ordnance Board at the time of the selection of the Model 1873 rifle and carbine, and was not considered a significant shortcoming in the overall worthiness of the shoulder arm. Ordered to charge, Reno began that phase of the battle. [75] Troopers had to dismount to help the wounded men back onto their horses. WebGeorge A. Custer, Marcus Reno, Frederick Benteen, James Calhoun with 31 officers, 566 troopers, 15 armed civilians, 35-40 scouts of the 7th Cavalry. [134][note 9] She lived until 1933, hindering much serious research until most of the evidence was long gone. While no other Indian account supports this claim, if White Bull did shoot a buckskin-clad leader off his horse, some historians have argued that Custer may have been seriously wounded by him. General Custer was reinterred at West Point while most of the others were shipped to Fort Leavenworth, [66], Despite hearing heavy gunfire from the north, including distinct volleys at 4:20pm, Benteen concentrated on reinforcing Reno's badly wounded and hard-pressed detachment rather than continuing on toward Custer's position. Ownership of the Black Hills, which had been a focal point of the 1876 conflict, was determined by an ultimatum issued by the Manypenny Commission, according to which the Sioux were required to cede the land to the United States if they wanted the government to continue supplying rations to the reservations. Riding north along the bluffs, Custer could have descended into Medicine Tail Coulee. Map of Indian battles and skirmishes after the Battle of Little Bighorn. Among them were two wives and three children of the Hunkpapa Leader Pizi (Gall). [164][165] Researchers have further questioned the effectiveness of the guns under the tactics that Custer was likely to face with the Lakota and Cheyenne warriors. In this formation, every fourth trooper held the horses for the troopers in firing position, with 5 to 10 yards (5 to 9m) separating each trooper, officers to their rear and troopers with horses behind the officers. Sklenar, 2000, p. 163: "the village contained possibly 1,200 lodges, plus several hundred wikiups housing individual warriors. Charles Windolph, Frazier Hunt, Robert Hunt, Neil Mangum. Many orders might have been given, but few obeyed. [78][79][80] David Humphreys Miller, who between 1935 and 1955 interviewed the last Lakota survivors of the battle, wrote that the Custer fight lasted less than one-half hour. [69] The soldiers identified the 7th Cavalry's dead as well as they could and hastily buried them where they fell. [77]:48 They were soon joined by a large force of Sioux who (no longer engaging Reno) rushed down the valley. [142][143][144], One factor concerned Major Marcus Reno's recent 8-day reconnaissance-in-force of the Powder-Tongue-Rosebud Rivers, June 10 to 18. Atop the bluffs, known today as Reno Hill, Reno's depleted and shaken troops were joined about a half-hour later by Captain Benteen's column[65] (Companies D, H and K), arriving from the south. The trees also obscured Reno's view of the Native American village until his force had passed that bend on his right front and was suddenly within arrow-shot of the village. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "Scholars have for years debated the issue of whether or not the Model 1873 Springfield carbine carried by cavalrymen, malfunctioned during the battle and [whether this] was one reason for the defeat" and "No definitive conclusion can be drawn [as to] the possible malfunction as being a significant cause of Custer's defeat. Persistent rain and lack of supplies forced the column to dissolve and return to its varying starting points. [14]:82 Historian Douglas Scott theorized that the "Deep Gulch" or "Deep Ravine" might have included not only the steep-sided portion of the coulee, but the entire drainage including its tributaries, in which case the bodies of Bouyer and others were found where eyewitnesses had said they were seen. Threatened with forced starvation, the Natives ceded Paha Sapa to the United States,[106]:19697 but the Sioux never accepted the legitimacy of the transaction. Army intelligence had estimated Sitting Bulls force at 800 fighting men; in fact, some 2,000 Sioux and Cheyenne warriors took part in the battle. [93], Under threat of attack, the first U.S. soldiers on the battlefield three days later hurriedly buried the troopers in shallow graves, more or less where they had fallen. [53]:379, The Sioux and Cheyenne fighters were acutely aware of the danger posed by the military engagement of non-combatants and that "even a semblance of an attack on the women and children" would draw the warriors back to the village, according to historian John S. Yates' E and F Companies at the mouth of Medicine Tail Coulee (Minneconjou Ford) caused hundreds of warriors to disengage from the Reno valley fight and return to deal with the threat to the village. Some historians believe Custer divided his detachment into two (and possibly three) battalions, retaining personal command of one while presumably delegating Captain George W. Yates to command the second. [18], In the latter half of the 19th century, tensions increased between the Native inhabitants of the Great Plains of the US and encroaching settlers. P.S. Custer believed that the Gatling guns would impede his march up the Rosebud and hamper his mobility. Reno advanced rapidly across the open field towards the northwest, his movements masked by the thick belt of trees that ran along the southern banks of the Little Bighorn River. Col. George A. Custer and Northern Plains Indians (Lakota [Teton or Western Sioux] and Northern Cheyenne) led by Sitting Bull. [206] This testimony of widespread fusing of the casings offered to the Chief of Ordnance at the Reno Court of Inquiry in 1879 conflicts with the archaeological evidence collected at the battlefield. However, it would incapacitate and few troopers would fight on after an arrow hit them.". Hunt, expert in the tactical use of artillery in Civil War, stated that Gatlings "would probably have saved the command", whereas General Nelson A. ", Gallear, 2001: "No bayonet or hand to hand weapon was issued apart from the saber, which under Custer's orders was left behind. In fragmenting his regiment, Custer had left its three main components unable to provide each other support. Pvt McCarthy enlisted into the US Army on August 15, 1865, at Philadelphia, PA. His body was never found. Miles wrote in 1877, "The more I study the moves here [on the Little Big Horn], the more I have admiration for Custer. White, Richard: "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries". [50] Author Evan S. Connell observed that if Custer could occupy the village before widespread resistance developed, the Sioux and Cheyenne warriors "would be obliged to surrender, because if they started to fight, they would be endangering their families. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was fought between U.S. federal troops, led by George Armstrong Custer, and Lakota and Northern Cheyenne warriors, led by Sitting Bull. Frederick Benteen. [60] Realizing the full extent of the village's width, Reno quickly suspected what he would later call "a trap" and stopped a few hundred yards short of the encampment. Fire from the southeast made it impossible for Custer's men to secure a defensive position all around Last Stand Hill where the soldiers put up their most dogged defense. Winkler, A. [189], Historians have asked whether the repeating rifles conferred a distinct advantage on Sitting Bull's villagers that contributed to their victory over Custer's carbine-armed soldiers. Frederick W. Benteen to the south to cut off the flight of any Indians in that direction, and took five companies under his personal command to attack the village from the north. For instance, he refused to use a battery of Gatling guns and turned down General Terry's offer of an additional battalion of the 2nd Cavalry. Grant Marsh,", "Grant Marsh Tells of his Part in the Custer Expedition,", Sklenar, 2000, p. 68: Terry's column out of Fort Abraham Lincoln included "artillery (two Rodman and two Gatling guns)". Badly wounded, the horse had been overlooked or left behind by the victors, who had taken the other surviving horses. All Army plans were based on the incorrect numbers. Gallear, 2001: "In 1872 the Army tested a number of foreign and domestic single-shot breechloaders". [47], Custer's field strategy was designed to engage non-combatants at the encampments on the Little Bighorn to capture women, children, and the elderly or disabled[48]:297 to serve as hostages to convince the warriors to surrender and comply with federal orders to relocate. WebCaptain Grant Marsh of the Far West Steamboat was the first to deliver the news of what happened at Custers Last Stand. It was located near the confluence of the Yellowstone and Bighorn rivers, about 40 miles (64km) north of the future battlefield. ", Donovan, 2008, pp. In May 1877, Sitting Bull escaped to Canada. Gen. Alfred Terry's column, including twelve companies (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, and M) of the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer's immediate command,[29] Companies C and G of the 17th Infantry, and the Gatling gun detachment of the 20th Infantry departed westward from Fort Abraham Lincoln in the Dakota Territory on May 17. On Memorial Day 1999, in consultation with tribal representatives, the U.S. added two red granite markers to the battlefield to note where Native American warriors fell. [116], Indians leaving the Battlefield Plate XLVIII, Six unnamed Native American women and four unnamed children are known to have been killed at the beginning of the battle during Reno's charge. [201], Whether the reported malfunction of the Model 1873 Springfield carbine issued to the 7th Cavalry contributed to their defeat has been debated for years. Comanche alone survived. [64] The retreat was immediately disrupted by Cheyenne attacks at close quarters. Later accounts from surviving Indians are useful but are sometimes conflicting and unclear. Thomas Weir and Company D moved out to contact Custer. According to Cheyenne and Sioux testimony, the command structure rapidly broke down, although smaller "last stands" were apparently made by several groups. Having isolated Reno's force and driven them away from their encampment, the bulk of the native warriors were free to pursue Custer. Custers Ghostherders. Within 48 hours of the battle, the large encampment on the Little Bighorn broke up into smaller groups because there was not enough game and grass to sustain a large congregation of people and horses. Survivors of the assaults fled north to seek safety with Keogh's Company I they could react quickly enough to prevent the disintegration of their own unit. [211] The phenomenon became so widespread that one historian remarked, "Had Custer had all of those who claimed to be 'the lone survivor' of his two battalions he would have had at least a brigade behind him when he crossed the Wolf Mountains and rode to the attack."[212]. Cut off by the Indians, all 210 of the soldiers who had followed Custer toward the northern reaches of the village were killed in a desperate fight that may have lasted nearly two hours and culminated in the defense of high ground beyond the village that became known as Custers Last Stand. The details of the movements of the components of Custers contingent have been much hypothesized. Jamming caused by black powder residue could lower that rate,[162][163] raising questions as to their reliability under combat conditions. At least 28 bodies (the most common number associated with burial witness testimony), including that of scout Mitch Bouyer, were discovered in or near that gulch, their deaths possibly the battle's final actions. If Gatling guns had made it to the battlefield, they might have allowed Custer enough firepower to allow Custer's companies to survive on Last Stand Hill. WebGeorge Armstrong Custer, (born December 5, 1839, New Rumley, Ohio, U.S.died June 25, 1876, Little Bighorn River, Montana Territory), U.S. cavalry officer who distinguished himself in the American Civil War (186165) but later led his men to death in one of the most controversial battles in U.S. history, the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Major Marcus Albert Reno, It took place on June 2526, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory. ", Donovan, 2008, p. "Explaining his refusal of the Gatling gun detachment and the Second Cavalry battalion, he convolutedly reaffirmed his confidence in the Seventh's ability to defeat any number of Indians they could find. Hatch, 1997, pp. These assumptions were based on inaccurate information provided by the Indian Agents that no more than 800 "hostiles" were in the area. Sturgis led the 7th Cavalry in the campaign against the Nez Perce in 1877. On May 7, 1868, the valley of the Little Bighorn became a tract in the eastern part of the new Crow Indian Reservation in the center of the old Crow country. [29], Unknown to Custer, the group of Native Americans seen on his trail was actually leaving the encampment and did not alert the rest of the village. As the purpose of the tribes' gathering was to take counsel, they did not constitute an army or warrior class. [67]:282. When he died, he was stuffed and to this day remains in a glass case at the University of Kansas. Field data showed that possible extractor failures occurred at a rate of approximately 1:30 firings at the Custer Battlefield and at a rate of 1:37 at the Reno-Benteen Battlefield. Custer was on the verge of abolishing the wings led by Reno and Benteen, and the inclusion of Brisbin would have complicated the arrangement he had in mind. In Custer's book My Life on the Plains, published two years before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, he asserted: Indians contemplating a battle, either offensive or defensive, are always anxious to have their women and children removed from all danger For this reason I decided to locate our [military] camp as close as convenient to [Chief Black Kettle's Cheyenne] village, knowing that the close proximity of their women and children, and their necessary exposure in case of conflict, would operate as a powerful argument in favor of peace, when the question of peace or war came to be discussed.[52]. [45] They advanced a mile, to what is today Weir Ridge or Weir Point. [72]:141 However, in Chief Gall's version of events, as recounted to Lt. Edward Settle Godfrey, Custer did not attempt to ford the river and the nearest that he came to the river or village was his final position on the ridge. Ewers, John C.: "Intertribal Warfare as a Precursor of Indian-White Warfare on the Northern Great Plains". Brig. Many men were veterans of the war, including most of the leading officers. 7879: "Apparently, Terry offered [Major James] Brisbin's battalion and Gatling gun battery to accompany the Seventh, but Custer refused these additions for several reasons. ", Hatch, 1997, p. 184: "It has been estimated that perhaps 200 repeating rifles were possessed by the Indians, nearly one for each [man in Custer's battalion].". ", Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "The Springfield had won out over many other American and foreign rifles, some of them repeaters, after extensive testing supervised by an army board that had included Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry.". Custer's remaining companies (E, F, and half of C) were soon killed. Lawson, 2007, pp. Sun Bear, "A Cheyenne Old Man", in Marquis, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:53. The United States government acknowledged that Native American sacrifices also deserved recognition at the site. THE DESOLATE RIDGES AND WINDING GULLIES ABOVE THE LITTLE BIGHORN RIVER in south-central Montana provide The agents did not consider the many thousands of these "reservation Indians" who had unofficially left the reservation to join their "unco-operative non-reservation cousins led by Sitting Bull". Paxson", "Prisoners in the Indian Camp: Kill Eagle's Band at the Little Bighorn", "Context Delicti: Archaeological Context in Forensic Work", Account of Custer's fight on Little Bighorn, MSS SC 860, Custer Battlefield Museum, Garryowen, Montana. Of those sixty figures, only thirty-some are portrayed with a conventional Plains Indian method of indicating death. In the end, the hilltop to which Custer had moved was probably too small to accommodate all of the survivors and wounded. The outcome of the battle, though it proved to be the height of Indian power, so stunned and enraged white Americans that government troops flooded the area, forcing the Indians to surrender. In 1908, Edward Curtis, the famed ethnologist and photographer of the Native American Indians, made a detailed personal study of the battle, interviewing many of those who had fought or taken part in it. The regimental commander, Colonel Samuel D. Sturgis, returned from his detached duty in St. Louis, Missouri. For the army, far more was at stake than individual reputations, as the future of the service could be affected. [204][205], Gallear addresses the post-battle testimony concerning the copper .45-55 cartridges supplied to the troops in which an officer is said to have cleared the chambers of spent cartridges for a number of Springfield carbines. Custer's battalions were poised to "ride into the camp and secure non-combatant hostages",[49] and "forc[e] the warriors to surrender". 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Had no assured means to supply themselves with firearms and ammunition the list of soldiers killed at little bighorn their... I, and L ) remained under Custer 's defeat he reportedly replied that 7th! On the incorrect numbers, Big Village, be quick, Bring packs incorrect numbers to,! Come on, Big Village, be quick, Bring packs by and. `` in 1872 the Army, Far more was at stake than individual,. The Western Sioux ] and Northern Cheyenne leader, interceded to save their lives [... [ 174 ], I think, in all probability, that the men turned their horses without... Inquiry, which met in session daily except Sundays shot while firing from a shallow rifle pit on battlefield. Were veterans of the movements of the 7th Cavalry returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reconstitute cause of Custer defeat! Them away from their encampment, the Democratic Party-controlled House of Representatives abandoned its campaign to reduce size!
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