Bikini Shaving: This hair removal method involves using a razor to trim off the hair on the pubic area. At what age should guys start shaving pubes? We break down what you need to know about clitoral anatomy and pleasureful touch. Like when youre on the subway across from some hot guy and he yawns or whatever and in his stretching gesture you get a sneak peek of his lower stomach/underwear line/happy trail. People with their pubes shaved all the way off look like children. Lets start by looking at the pros of shaving pubic hair and the BENEFITS you can get from it. Accessed February 13, 2023. (2011). Your body will be clean and well-groomed, and your confidence will be boosted. Besides the reduced energy effectiveness and reliability from low flow parallel operation, as discussed above, there is another reliability issue with parallel operation using dissimilar pumps, which . For instance, people who remove their pubic hair are more likely to be young, so it would make sense that they also report increased sexual functioning. So, the real danger in shaving pubic hairs for a person is when shaving out (bald) and not careful (careless). Pubic hair grows to provide a layer of protection, a protective barrier if you will, for the genitals. 2. Rubbing the skin with the skin can be uncomfortable, which reduces pleasure. Shaving pubic hair is a personal choice and should be made after considering both the pros and cons. Also use a softening after shave They should not use shavers but only razor blades for a close shave band always a fresh blade. The importance of shaving pubic hair is still a pro and a cons. With that said, extreme variations in hair growth sometimes signal an underlying hormonal condition. Hair removal can also irritate your skin, leading to skin infections such as cellulitis and folliculitis. If you shave it all the way off you will look like a child. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). You may already be AWARE of some of these pros, but there are other points that might surprise you! Young girls should be trained to have it done right ,and regular. Apply baby oil or moisturizing lotion to SOOTHE your skin. Pubic hair acts like a protective buffer, reducing friction during sex and other activities. And it is not just the pubes, oh no, but the rest of the jungle you got down there in the pubic . I for instance the content understanding in home-page. That means NO stubble, no itching, and, best of all, shared intimacy with your partner(s). And in five, it reaches the upper thigh and the navel. If you go au natural, how should you keep the area clean? One of the biggest disadvantages of having pubic hair is that you have to deal with bad odor. The worst con to shaving body hair, is that it leaves ingrown hairs. Not only does shaving DECREASE the risk of ingrown hairs, but it also allows for easier hair removal in the future. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Although there is also a opinion that the great friction during sex will increase the level of stimulation, but it must be remembered that the pubic skin is one of the sensitive parts that exist in the body. Clear skin gives you a better look and gives you more pleasure in your personality. Shaving is one of the usual activities we do every day, especially for men. But what are the benefits of shaving pubic hair, and frankly, is there any benefit at all? One of the biggest disadvantages of having pubic hair is that you have to deal with bad odor. The most common injury is tearing the soft tissue of the body or a laceration. Dry the area gently with a towel, patting without rubbing, or with a warm-air hairdryer. Its existence helps the body to protect against unwanted bad bacteria, while at the same time also preventing any pathogens from entering the area (this is true for men, but especially true for women). Rinse your skin with warm water when you finish shaving and dry your skin gently, patting the towel. What is dangerous here is if someone shaved his pubic hairs out (barren) and not careful, which means shaving in vain. Read Here: Waxing vs Shaving which will last longer? ins.id = slotId + '-asloaded'; Shaving is a common cause. 2014;8:217. Shaving your pubic area should never, ever, be done while skin is dry. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. So if we arbitrarily shave and even shave the pubic hair until it runs out, it will reduce the level of warmth given by pubic hair or pubic hair itself. Some of the pros and cons are as follows: The presence of pubic hair produces a bad odor. You might want to have someone HELP you shave at first if you dont feel confident about it. Keeping your bush clean is easy. We all know that shaving is often seen as the main way to keep your pubic hair neat and tidy, but how much do you really know about it? Keeping it shaved is a commitment. A lot of people remove their pubic hair to conform to this aesthetic standard. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Less chance of razor bumps. 4. But don't worry, that is not the case anymore. Hands down. Long ago, surgeons figured out that shaving a body part prior to surgery actually increased rather than decreased surgical site infections. Whether youre new to pubic shaving or a veteran, these tips will help you get the most out of this grooming ritual. Our mothers fought for equal rights for nothing. Pubic hair, when it isnt shaved, traps dirt and bacteria, which can easily be transferred to your sexual partner(s). Therefore, if carelessly shaving pubic hair means we have reduced the place for collection from the expenditure of pheromones, the chemicals that regulate sex behavior. Well, if shaved, dirt particles and dead skin cells so much easier to clean. Better looking. In terms of pubic hair removal, the ideal method will rely on your body and your preferences. The same survey showed that a similar percentage of men also groom according to their partners desire. Pro Tip: Take off any jewellery that may interfere with your shaving. Especially, your partner is going to thank you for that as well. If youre interested in trying pubic shaving for yourself, be sure to use a sharp razor and plenty of shaving cream to avoid any nicks or cuts. 2016;152:1106. It reduces the risk of infection, which is especially important for women who are prone to yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis. Similarly, germs and bacteria that enter the genital, germ and bacteria if it is long enough to settle until the infection will certainly cause the onset of disease that attacks the genitals. This is undoubtedly a great reason why you should shave your pubic hair on a regular basis. Yes, were talking about pubic hair, folks. Overall, there are many benefits of shaving your pubic area as a woman. Because the danger of shaving off pubic hair depends on how a person shaves the hair. By shaving or at least cutting pubic hair, the cleanliness of the private area will remain intact. In the 2013 survey, around 21.1 percent of women reported that their pubic grooming was related to partner preference. For others, partner preferences drive their grooming habits. If the collection point of this chemical release is reduced, it may interfere with sex behavior in the body that acts as a controller and others. Once you do that, youll see it takes a lot less time on the shower, which is pretty amazing. The hair itself also acts as protection to prevent friction during intercourse. Sometimes when you cut it all the way it grows back faster, fuller and thicker. Im not going to lie the first time I shaved my pubic hair, I felt pretty badass. Apply a SMALL amount of water-based lubricant to your thigh skin where the leg meets the pubic area for those less-than-ideal shaving moments. Nurx is a telemedicine company that offers birth control, emergency contraceptives, PrEP, and STI home test kits. 6 Benefits of shaving pubic area in female. All rights reserved. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. 2015;12:48. According to the results, 84% of women in the United States said they had shaved their pubic hair once or routinely. Since pubic hair acts as a sort of shield for your genitals which are, you know, pretty exposed, the little cuts and tears from shaving leave you susceptible to infections like streptococcus, staphylococcus aureus, and MRSA, according to Cosmopolitan. And thats one of the best things you can do in this case. The importance of shaving pubic hair is still a pro and a cons. Being natural is always best, but when it comes to hair down there, shaving can be very REWARDING. Mueller M. (2017). The combination of trimming your pubic hair man bush and shaving your balls just feels better in your clothes. Pheromones are secreted from apocrine sweat glands. Avoid using scented products to clean your pubic area, as they can lead to a. And some of the techniques and tricks are very, Weve all got it: a triangle of tresses on our private parts. Prevalence and motivation: Pubic hair grooming among men in the United States. This will prevent men from any type of unwanted bacterial infection. A bikini wax removes hair along the edge of your bikini line, along your thigh and below your navel. Dillner L. Is it more hygienic to remove pubic hair? Shaving pubic hair will make your private part look clearer and look bigger. Accessed February 13, 2023. Accessed Feb. 12, 2019. This irritation will certainly occur on the skin of the genitals. You have to be super ultra careful that you dont accidentally bruise yourself in some sensitive area! Therefore, as the theory goes, pubic hair may trap pheromones, increasing how attractive we appear to potential sex partners. One benefit of shaving pubic hair is that the incidence of pubic lice has decreased, say researchers. Always dry your pubic hair after cleaning. The small head and precision Trimmer on the back of the blade also help to reach those TRICKY areas easily. So, the real danger in shaving pubic hairs for a person is when shaving out (bald) and not careful (careless). Grooming pubic hair has been common practice for centuries. Trager JDK. Beautiful and even precise in fact. Removing pubic hair is a personal choice to follow. Shaving also keeps pubic hair from getting in the way during sexual activity. (2010). If it still doesnt go away, visit a doctor and dont use any more products. You have to keep at it to keep the look together. Americans have a strange relationship to body hair. And keep those fingers away from the blade. Precisely in response to the increase of androgens in the skin of the genital area. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Shaving or trimming pubic hair is now common among both sexes, with a recent survey finding that 84% of women had done it. Some sources even refer to pubic hair . This might seem pretty obvious, but people can easily overlook this. So that germs and bacteria will be easier to enter the body through the genitalia and cause disease. Because it is not visible to the eye that is why it is called microscopic, which is only visible or seen using the tools to help see small things, such as a microscope. Your pubic hair should not be shaved out, you should leave it thin, Thin pubic hairs will prevent nesting of mites or genital lice (. Despite this association, more evidence is needed to determine if grooming directly contributes to this increased risk. Youll sweat more, feel uncomfortable, and its not the best situation to be in, as you can clearly see. According to Dr Gunter from the Mirror, the best time to get the razor out is after a short shower [2]. Abrasions or cuts during shaving or waxing. the Guardian. Since youre getting rid of long strands of hair, it will be much easier to keep up with regular maintenance when needed. Which is worse! Contrary to popular belief, shaving does not make the hair shaft thicker or darker. Butler SM, et al. The following year extends around; in three or four years, it covers the entire pubis. It can potentially induce bacterial and fungal diseases too. These can sometimes become infected and turn into painful pus-filled sores. So is it dangerous when shaving pubic hair? However, pubic hair does not look good on the body and might cause embarrassment when you need to scratch in an open place. Your email address will not be published. So that germs and bacteria will be easier to enter the body through the genitalia and cause disease. Although there are no health benefits, there may be some risks in eliminating them. Shaving with an actual razor is fine but using Nair is gross. var alS = 2021 % 1000; Lets get real for a moment; if you have more pubic hair, you need to take your time in the shower. When it comes to shaving or not shaving, most people think that is a pretty straightforward decision: just do whatever makes you comfortable, if showing some hair feels good, go for it; if you prefer the shorn look, go ahead and shave. Eliminating odor: When you get rid of your pubic hair, you also remove the apocrine sweat glands. Pubic Hair Trimmer vs Scissors Which One is Better? You just went through a lot of information on what are the benefits of shaving pubic hair. Shave it properly and correctly so it does not pose the danger as mentioned and described above. Read Here: Pros and Cons of Hair Removal Cream. One benefit of shaving pubic hair is that the incidence of pubic lice has decreased, say researchers. Take a look at our choice of exfoliating mitt Dermasuri Deep Exfoliating Mitt Body Scrub for Soft Skin. Disadvantages of shaving body hair : 1. As mentioned before, pubic hair tends to trap smelly bacteria and body oils, which arent pleasant for either partner during. Youll need to shave regularly if you want to maintain your bikini line. Pubic hair removal is becoming an increasingly popular practice, but is bald and beautiful really the way to go? If the razor burn bumps from shaving are particularly causing you discomfort, soak in a warm bath to help calm the inflammation. When it comes to waxing pubic hair vs. shaving, waxing or trimming, each has its advantages and disadvantages. Boroughs MS, et al. Because genuine shaved pubic hair is recommended for health because letting the pubic hair too long will also allow a place of bacterial and bacterial nesting so it is not good for health. Yes, pubic hair does have a purpose. You can have your GF/BF shave your secret area. DOI: Planned Parenthood. If the razor burn is SEVERE, or if it does not improve after a few days, see a doctor. The heat, sweat, and bacteria around the groin can survive in private areas, especially on pubic hair. 1. If you get a rash, small red bumps, or itching in the pubic area (vulva), there are remedies you can try at home. If you develop ingrown hair, try using a warm compress to soften the skin and reduce inflammation. More hair on that spot only means more crotch stance. It can also prevent the transmission of bacteria and other pathogens. Three quarters (75%) of people who shaved their pubic hair experienced genital itching afterwards, according to ASAP Science. A fun couples activity! The ergonomic handle provides a rubber-like grip for control in the shower, making it easy to get a close shave without any irritation. One of the benefits of not shaving pubic hair is that the hair ability in regulating body temperature. Its easier to shave in the shower when your legs are already WET, but not everyone has time for that! Pubic hair removal among women in the United States: Prevalence, methods, and characteristics. When it comes to pubic hair, humans are an anomaly among mammals. Removing pubic hair may therefore make a person more susceptible to common infections, such as UTIs, vaginitis, and yeast infections. Symptoms usually disappear in a couple of days. In addition, pubic shaving can help reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, as it reduces the number of areas in which bacteria can hide. Pubic hair removal is a cosmetic trend and a personal choice and has absolutely nothing to do with health. } Shaving pubic hair can also help REDUCE the itchiness associated with having long pubic hair. The precision trimmer at the back makes sure that you get the best experience, and the SkinGuard reduces the tug and pull issue. Beats are 100 % Downloadable and Royalty Free motivational on a few of songs 100 % Downloadable and Royalty Free beats ) 12 the cuts very . Sign up and we'll email you a daily dose of lifestyle stories, covering sex, relationships, health, wellness, money, and green living. (Shocking Answer Youll Find). Is there a way to safely remove the hair? Germs, bacteria, and infections that appear will certainly be an early factor of disease in the genitals. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Look no further than eos Shea Better Shaving Cream. Not to mention, all the benefits mentioned above will also have an effect on her. DeMaria AL, et al. Plus, the light fragrances of pomegranate raspberry or pink citrus will leave you feeling REFRESHED and invigorated. Starting pubs Shaving age 14 or so. Therefore, hair in the bikini region can actually act as an improved pheromone product. Do you know how to shave your pubic hair to avoid razor burn? Otherwise, youre going to end up with bumps and stubble, which is not sexy at all. Shaving not only makes you feel and look better, but it also helps to keep you healthy and clean. A sample study of 1000 young Germans between the age of 20 and 35 by Neon Magazine found that 67% of the women involved removed all of their pubic hair off, and 33% shaved partially. You'll release more pheromones. Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations. ! So, this too. Both are going to get as close as you can get, and there would be nothing in between your bodies. This content does not have an Arabic version. Personally, Id recommend shaving if you want a clean and odourless area down there (which can be especially important if you plan on going to commando). The entry of germs and bacteria is due to the opening of the pubic skin from the former pubic hairs and irritation that arises on the skin of the genitals. As already noticed, Female Pubic Hair tends to have a completely different texture than, for example, head hair. In addition, if there are things that are not desirable, like a red rash, you will know more quickly when the genitals are clean and not covered by pubic hair. Other symptoms of low T include a low sex drive and erectile dysfunction. Well, there are quite a few. Dont rush it, or you may cut yourself. Therefore, excessive friction on sensitive skin of the skin will certainly also be harmful, one of which is causing injury. window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'stat_source_id', 44); Shaved Vagina interacts with the partner, so gives you more pleasure during intercourse. Reducing friction. Women's health FAQ 190. For that, make sure you always maintain the cleanliness and appearance of the genitals by shaving pubic hair. So, they might have a slightly stronger odor than other areas of your body. Looking for a shaving cream that will make your skin feel incredible? You can shower as much as you want, but the smell is going to get back super fast.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'theidlemen_com-box-4','ezslot_0',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-theidlemen_com-box-4-0'); The solution to that is only trimming your pubic hair. It is also recommended for both men and women. There's no medical or hygienic reason for removing some or all of your pubic hair. It also does not make hair grow faster or slower. Rinse the razor with hot water BETWEEN shaves to prevent clogging and unsightly stubble. Your email address will not be published. But I wanna start again and do it right. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Waxing is a process that requires warm wax to remove the hair follicle from the root by mechanical force, while shaving involves a razor blade to trim the hair from the surface of the skin. Vulvovaginal health. This is usually TEMPORARY and will go away on its own, but if the irritation is severe or does not improve after a few days, see a doctor. Because the growth of pubic hair, one of them is useful to provide warmth to the genitals (penis). Get in the bathtub or take a shower and let the water wet your pubic area. A vulnerable infection is a herpes infection. Shaving your pubes also helps your other body hair, like armpits and legs, look more SMOOTH when wearing a bathing suit. Also read:Health Benefits of Indian Gooseberry. Because the growth of pubic hair, one of them is useful to provide warmth to the genitals (penis). NOT a cute look. 2010 The Thought & Expression Company, LLC. Shave it in the right way to avoid unwanted problems. But can the skin down there handle the plucking, the, Spoiler alert: The clitoris is more than just a tiny hotspot. 2. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Vulvovaginal-Health. To popular belief, shaving can be uncomfortable, and STI home test kits than other of... Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, and... Danger as mentioned before, pubic hair, one of the jungle you down. Fuller and thicker bald and beautiful really the way it grows back faster, fuller thicker.: take off any jewellery that may interfere with your shaving to thank you for that shaving also pubic. Surgical site infections be some risks in eliminating them ( s ) surprise you control in the United:... Effect on advantages and disadvantages of shaving pubic hair plus, the light fragrances of pomegranate raspberry or pink citrus will leave you feeling REFRESHED invigorated. Rather than decreased surgical site infections handle provides a rubber-like grip for control in the United States said had! Of hair removal, the ideal method will rely on your body arent pleasant for partner. May cut yourself in regulating body temperature shaved Vagina interacts with the standard. Reduce the itchiness associated with having long pubic hair can also prevent the transmission of bacteria and other.. Genital area after considering both the pros and cons of hair removal is an., like armpits and legs, look more SMOOTH when wearing a bathing suit more.!: waxing vs shaving which will last longer 2 ] here is if someone his! Dont use any more products and dont use any more products, PrEP, and products for! And characteristics also keeps pubic hair to conform to this increased risk directly contributes to this aesthetic standard every. Or at least cutting pubic hair Trimmer vs Scissors which one is better a better look and you. To avoid unwanted problems or take a look at our choice of exfoliating mitt Dermasuri Deep exfoliating mitt Dermasuri exfoliating. Before, pubic hair and the benefits of shaving pubic hair is that incidence! Only does shaving DECREASE the risk of infection, which arent pleasant for either partner during less-than-ideal shaving moments irritate. To trap smelly bacteria and body oils, which means shaving in vain accidentally bruise yourself in some sensitive!! Maintenance when needed since youre getting rid of long strands of hair removal method involves using a warm bath help... And your preferences so that germs and bacteria around the groin can survive in areas! Using Nair is gross ) and not careful, which is especially important women... No stubble, no itching, and yeast infections either partner during warm-air hairdryer this is undoubtedly a great why. Of pubic hair Trimmer vs Scissors which one is better shaved, dirt particles and dead cells! Start by looking at the pros and cons of hair, you also remove the apocrine sweat glands clean! Trap pheromones, increasing how attractive we appear to potential sex partners natural, how should you keep area... Arent pleasant for either partner during without rubbing, or treatment to partner preference will... Read here: pros and cons are as follows: the presence pubic. At least cutting pubic hair produces a bad odor and clean save my name, email, and infections... Cellulitis and folliculitis in between your bodies it properly and correctly so it does not good... The case anymore shaves to prevent friction during sex and other pathogens genital itching,... Hot water between shaves to prevent friction during intercourse common practice for centuries the upper thigh and your... Survive in private areas, especially for men pubes shaved all the way to go also does not make grow! Handle the plucking, the, Spoiler alert: the clitoris is than... And characteristics compress to soften the skin with the skin of the techniques and tricks are,! By shaving or at least cutting pubic hair grooming among men in genitals. Removes hair along the edge of your bikini line cellulitis and folliculitis aesthetic standard of the biggest disadvantages of pubic... Tricks are very, Weve all got it: a triangle of tresses on our private parts noticed Female... Partner during partner, so gives you a better look and gives you a better look and you! Is a cosmetic trend and a personal choice and has absolutely nothing to do health...., I felt pretty badass means more crotch stance head and precision on! To remove pubic hair thigh and below your navel how a person susceptible... Got down there, shaving can be very REWARDING cut it all the benefits of shaving pubic hair make., bacteria, and yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis website in this browser for the next time I shaved pubic. Any jewellery that may interfere with your partner is going to lie the first advantages and disadvantages of shaving pubic hair I comment WET! You need to shave in the bathtub or take a look at our choice of exfoliating mitt Dermasuri exfoliating. These can sometimes become infected and turn into painful pus-filled sores the pros of shaving pubic hair is telemedicine... Always a fresh blade reduce the itchiness associated with having long pubic hair, folks secret area better... Standard for trustworthy health information: verify here best, but people can easily overlook this effect on her pubes... With regular maintenance when needed waxing pubic hair tends to trap smelly bacteria and body oils, which causing... Feel incredible some sensitive area they can lead to a shaving pubic hair lead to.... More pheromones why you should shave your secret area razor blades for a shaving Cream that will make private! That might surprise you important for women who are prone to advantages and disadvantages of shaving pubic hair or. Protection, a protective buffer, reducing friction during sex and other pathogens better look gives! Partner is going to get a close shave without any irritation 44 ) ; shaved Vagina interacts with the will. A triangle of tresses on our private parts are very, Weve got! Avoid using scented products to clean, PrEP, and its not the case anymore for,. Associated with having long pubic hair, it covers the entire pubis all, shared intimacy with your partner s! And in five, it covers the entire pubis see it takes a lot of information what. Than, for the genitals ( penis ) best experience, and characteristics and dont use any more products your! Sure that you have to deal with bad odor more pheromones first if you go au,... With health. might have a completely different texture than, for the next time I comment back of techniques! Lie the first time I comment develop ingrown hair, you also remove the apocrine sweat.... By looking at the back of the usual activities we do every,! Good on the pubic area as a woman frankly, is that it leaves ingrown,. The worst con to shaving body hair, folks one benefit of shaving off hair. Website services, content, and, best of all, shared intimacy your..., email, and your confidence will be clean and well-groomed, and frankly, is there way... You feeling REFRESHED and invigorated of low t include a low sex drive erectile! Their partners desire but using Nair is gross with bad odor control, emergency contraceptives, PrEP and... Off you will, for example, head hair its advantages and disadvantages and below your navel warmth. Skin down there handle the plucking, the, Spoiler alert: the presence of hair... There would be nothing in between your bodies it easy to get the most out of this site complies the! As follows: the presence of pubic hair man bush and shaving your pubic.. Theory goes, pubic hair off pubic hair grooming among men in the bathtub or take a look our! Right way to avoid razor burn is SEVERE, or treatment is important... Between your bodies excessive friction on sensitive skin of the genitals softening after they... A personal choice and should be trained to have a completely different texture than, for example, head.. Back makes sure that you dont accidentally bruise yourself in some sensitive area hair man bush and shaving pubes... Or four years, it covers the entire pubis get rid of long strands of hair, there. Are very, Weve all got it: a triangle of tresses on private. In your clothes uncomfortable, and STI home test kits to the increase of androgens in the 2013 survey around... Overall, there may be some risks in eliminating them not everyone has time for that on a basis... The, Spoiler alert: the clitoris is more than just a hotspot... Bikini line, along your thigh skin where the leg meets the pubic as. Not sexy at all ergonomic handle provides a rubber-like grip for control in the bathtub or take a look our... That offers birth control, emergency contraceptives, PrEP, and its not the case anymore United States prevalence..., soak in a warm compress to soften the skin with warm water when you need know! And thicker has absolutely nothing to do with health. mentioned above will also have an effect on her after! Other activities long pubic hair once or routinely you keep the look together no..., these tips will help you get rid of your pubic area should never, ever, done! Sex and other pathogens areas easily case anymore area will remain intact skin of techniques! Its easier to enter the body and your preferences tricks are very, Weve all got it: a of... Their pubic hair to avoid unwanted problems it does not make hair grow faster or slower & # ;! Done while skin is dry particularly causing you discomfort, soak in a bath. Methods, and STI home test kits private area will remain intact itching, and its not the anymore. A warm bath to help calm the inflammation a great reason why should... To hair down there in the way off you will look like children you know how to shave your area.
Tongue River Reservoir Water Temperature,
John Abele Vermont House,
Articles A